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the thunder of powerful engines echoing

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in the desert air a plume of steam

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billowing towards the sky sparks flying

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from electrical wires the blast from a

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controlled explosion these sights and

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sounds belong to one of the world's

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finest state-of-the-art facilities for

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propulsion and materials testing in the

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desert northeast of Las Cruces New

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Mexico

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NASA's white sands test facility stands

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ready to challenge the safety and

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reliability of items slated for

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the goal at White Sands is to minimize

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flight risks safety no matter what is

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the first concern from rocket engines to

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film for a camera everything flown on a

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carefully controlled test parameters

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determine the strengths and weaknesses

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this testing is crucial to mission

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success taking the risk here on earth

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first will help avoid having to solve a

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problem miles away from home in the

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unforgiving space environment as part of

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NASA's Johnson Space Center the white

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sands test facility is primarily a

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support organization the testing

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requirements for the Johnson Space

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Center are the first priority for this

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facility however it also supports other

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NASA centers various government agencies

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and aerospace related commercial

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client provides the test article and

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defines the technical and schedule

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requirements white sands personnel

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develop and conduct the test program to

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NASA's white sands test facility employs

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a team of over 700 civil servants and

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contractors this self-sufficient

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facility includes an administrative area

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two propulsion test areas and a

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laboratories area the moderate weather

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arid climate and remote location make

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this an ideal site for propulsion and

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hazardous material testing built in 1964

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facilities here contest the entire

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propulsion system at one time to see how

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the components interact while the larger

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Saturn 5 engines which would push the

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Apollo spacecraft off the launch pad

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were tested at another NASA facility the

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white sands facility began its

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propulsion work with the development and

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certification testing of Apollo's

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service module and lunar module engines

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these engines were crucial to the

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success of the Apollo missions the

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service module engine put the astronauts

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into lunar orbit then the lunar module

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descent engine landed them on the moon

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the lunar module ascent engine blasted

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them off the moon and back into lunar

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orbit and the service module engine

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brought them back home four dozen tiny

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reaction control engines on the lunar

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module and command service module

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steered the vehicles through space over

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the years White Sands has tested more

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than three hundred engines in over two

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each test is conducted to make sure that

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the engines are safe and reliable in the

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early 1970s white sands began tests for

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the shuttles on-orbit propulsion systems

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including the orbital maneuvering system

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and the reaction control system three

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high fidelity flight light test articles

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were used for the development and

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qualification of these systems recently

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these test articles entered a new phase

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of testing in order to identify the life

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cycle limitations of the shuttle

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propulsion systems nASA has developed

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the fleet leader test program as part of

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this program white sands will

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periodically operate the test articles

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to see how repeated firings affect the

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system these test articles will undergo

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more firings and checkouts than any of

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the corresponding flight systems as a

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result shuttle component problems

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resulting from long-term exposure to

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corrosive rocket propellants and

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multi-mission operation can be resolved

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propulsion testing is conducted in two

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separate locations designated 300 and

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400 test areas in the 300 test area to

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test stands operate at normal or ambient

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atmospheric pressure

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these stands are hinged to accommodate

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rocket systems which must be tested in

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both horizontal and vertical

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orientations such as the steering

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thrusters which control the shuttles

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position in orbit a third test chamber

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allows rocket engine tests to be

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conducted under simulated space vacuum

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condition the largest of these tests and

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302 was extended to a height of 58 feet

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during the Viking Mars Lander program in

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the early 1970s at that time it was used

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to simulate the physical and biological

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effects of a rocket engine landing on

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Martian soil this work led to

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improvements to the rocket engine and

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its fuel prior to the launch of the

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Viking probe the stand has since been

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modified to accommodate vacuum testing

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of space station propulsion systems one

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of the largest instant steam generating

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systems in the country is located in the

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400 test area it can generate over 3/4

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of a million horsepower which would

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equal the power of over 5,000 automobile

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this steam generator closely simulates

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the space environment by allowing the

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interior of the altitude chambers to

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remain in a near vacuum during an engine

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firing to create the vacuum the engine

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fires into a large specially shaped duct

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which vents to the outside inside the

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duct our nozzles that inject cooling

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water and shoot high-pressure steam in

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the same direction as the exhaust is

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traveling the steam is accelerated to

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supersonic speeds as it is ejected by

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the system this creates a low pressure

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which has enough suction to pull all the

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atmosphere and the Rockets exhaust out

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of the info stand as a result the engine

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and exhaust plume are kept in a near

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vacuum testing under vacuum conditions

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is vital because rocket engines perform

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significantly better in space than in

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tests at atmospheric pressure this

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difference in performance must be

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measured precisely test stands for o1

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and 403 our altitude chambers used for

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testing liquid propellant engines a

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full-scale shuttle orbital maneuvering

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system pod and a flight type orbital

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maneuvering engine are installed in test

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another specialized vacuum test stand

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designated 405 was designed to determine

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the performance of the solid rocket

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motors typically used to boost

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spacecraft into orbits higher than the

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shuttle can reach solid rocket motor

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testing is difficult because these

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motors are often spun as they are fired

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a special fixture was set up to spin the

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motors at rates up to 125 revolutions

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per minute motor pressures temperatures

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and thrust outputs are measured to

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verify compliance with performance

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guidelines this stand can also test

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liquid fuel rocket engines such as the

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shuttles steering thrusters each test

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stand is operated from the

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blast-resistant control center

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underground tunnels connect the stands

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with the control center and protect the

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each test article is instrumented with

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hundreds of devices each measure

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pressures temperatures vibrations and

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flow rates the test procedure is

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precisely controlled to allow a

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for sets of computers acquire and

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these computers offer real-time test

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control plus digital and color graphic

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data displays engineers analyze the data

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to determine if the system met

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performance objectives following a

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firing the propulsion system is

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carefully checked out and examined for

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damage propulsion testing is more than

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just fire and smoke often white sands

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personnel must develop procedures were

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safely handling toxic or hazardous

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propellants in various situations such

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as loading propellants onto the shuttle

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other work involves continued

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development of environmentally safe

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systems or destroying toxic fuel waste

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techniques are also developed for

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cleaning and refurbishing shuttle

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propellant components which have

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accumulated contamination during more

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than 10 years of flight operations many

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special projects at white sands are

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supported by an extensive laboratory

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complex the laboratories area has nine

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remote tested cells designed for high

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pressure testing with gaseous and liquid

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there are also 14 remote test cells

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capable of withstanding explosions and

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designed for operation with hazardous

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toxic fluids in this area special

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equipment is used to examine the

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ignition combustion and explosive

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properties of typical spacecraft

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materials and propellers white sands has

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one of the most extensive materials

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testing laboratories in the world this

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lab characterizes materials on earth so

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that they can be depended on in space

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over 90% of all the nonmetallic

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materials flown during the Apollo Skylab

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and shuttle programs have been tested at

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white sands currently work focuses on

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materials proposed for use on the

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shuttle its payloads and space station

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among the unique tests conducted here is

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the flammability of metals white sands

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is a proven leader in this type of

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recently hypervelocity particle

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launchers have been added to white sands

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arsenal of tools these light gas guns

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propel objects up to one inch in

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diameter at speeds of nearly seven

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kilometers per second or ten times as

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fast as a high-powered rifle this

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simulates the impact of meteoroids and

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orbital debris on hazardous targets such

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as pressurized containers propellant

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there is more to the lab area than

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testing materials or studying explosions

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often parts that have failed on board

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the shuttle are analyzed in the

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controlled environment of the lab

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engineers try to mimic the failures from

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that they can identify the specific

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problem and work on a solution an other

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area of interest is payloads outgassing

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or the migration of molecules out of

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organic products tests are conducted on

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everything from laptop computers to

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animal enclosures to film for onboard

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cameras to ensure that nothing toxic is

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released from materials due to

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outgassing also payloads that fly

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together are tested to make sure that

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one payloads outgassing does not

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contaminate other payloads and white

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sands clean rooms are used continuously

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to precision clean all the parts used in

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rocket propellant and liquid oxygen

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tests these clean rooms are an integral

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part of the test program tests using

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rocket fuels cannot be conducted without

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precision clean parts if a small bit of

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organic material is on the test article

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and it is tested in pure oxygen a fire

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could result

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the clean room not only ensures

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uncontaminated test results but more

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importantly provides a necessary safety

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factor one indispensable and rather

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unusual test capability is the odor

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panel since 1967 a panel of volunteers

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has sniffed literally every item that

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has flown in the crew cabins of NASA's

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manned spacecraft this is important

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because a bad odor permeating an

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and alysus calibration valve disassembly

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x-ray special component-level testing

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and photography for all propulsion and

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laboratory activities technical support

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at white sands doesn't stop with the

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completion of the test these engineers

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scientists and technicians are

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determined to provide the answers to

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whatever questions might be posed they

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have even compiled several handbooks on

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aerospace fluid hazards as well as

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provided support for special

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investigations and hazard assessments in

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addition to providing top-notch test

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cells and laboratories the white sands

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test facility also supports another

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dry gypsum lake bed at the nearby US

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Army White Sands Missile Range provides

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two seven mile long runways for shuttle

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landing operations and astronaut

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training designated white sands Space

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Harbor this area of the Missile Range

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serves as an alternate landing site for

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although only one shuttle has landed

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here the Space Harbor is used everyday

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and often at night as an essential

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training ground for shuttle pilots here

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astronauts practice approaches and

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landings using the shuttle training

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aircraft which mimics the shuttles

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flight characteristics and

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instrumentation in 1989 a third runway

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was added to Train astronauts for

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transatlantic abort landings this

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shorter and narrower runway is almost an

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exact duplicate in size and appearance

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located near the white sands test

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facility is another installation which

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provides an important service to the

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shuttle program the tracking and data

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relay satellite system ground terminals

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two terminals are located about four

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miles apart each is responsible for

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receiving voice television and data from

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orbiting shuttles both terminals are

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supervised by nasa's goddard space

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flight center and are not related to the

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the outstanding track record at white

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sands centers around its people they are

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involved in all facets of the test from

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inception to completion these

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professionals have the resources

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training and experience necessary to

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provide state-of-the-art support for

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various test requirements the future

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holds many challenges for the white

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sands test facility at white sands years

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of experience combined with the physical

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assets of the facility will continue to

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provide the capability to safely

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evaluate potential hazards which may

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arise on earth and in space whether it

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involves firing rocket engines

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evaluating advanced materials studying

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explosions or testing new exotic

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propellants today's work at the white

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sands test facility will continue to